Chess game in Rust using Bevy
2020-11-16
Bevy is a data-driven game engine built in Rust. It's really straight forward to use, and a joy to work with.
In this tutorial we're going to use Bevy to make Chess, so if you've been meaning to start playing around with Bevy, this is for you!
The prerequisites for this tutorial are to have a basic-intermediate understanding of Rust, knowledge of the rules of Chess, and to be familiar with the concept of Entity Component System (ECS). If you don't know much about it, I recommend you read the Wikipedia page.
If you have any doubts, check out the Bevy book, look through the examples, or join the Official Discord to ask questions!
This tutorial was made for Bevy 0.3, but it'll be updated to new versions when they come out. The tutorial is currently up to date with version 0.4!
If you don't care about the steps, and just want to see the code, here is the repository.
Last thing before we start, showing off Bevy concepts has a higher priority than having "good code" in this tutorial, so we'll be doing some things in an awkward way that allows us to introduce more concepts, like for example using parenting in cases where it's not really needed.
Creating a project
As with any other Rust project, we will start by running cargo new bevy_chess and cd bevy_chess. This will create an empty project. The first step will be to open Cargo.toml and add bevy as a dependency:
[package]
name = "bevy_chess"
version = "0.1.0"
authors = ["You <your@emailhere.com>"]
edition = "2018"
# See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
[dependencies]
bevy = "0.4"
Fast compiles
A very important part of game development (as with most development) is iterating and seeing the results of our changes. Rust's long compilation times can throw a wrench on that, so as the Bevy book says, it's really recommended to enable Fast Compiles. This is an optional step, but it doesn't take too much time to set up and will help you out on the long run. To accomplish that, we need a couple things:
-
LLD Linker: The normal linker is a bit slow, so we can swap it out for the LLD Linker to get a speedup:
- Ubuntu:
sudo apt-get install lld - Arch:
sudo pacman -S lld - Windows:
cargo install -f cargo-binutilsandrustup component add llvm-tools-preview - MacOS:
brew install michaeleisel/zld/zld
- Ubuntu:
-
Enable nightly Rust for this project:
rustup toolchain install nightlyto install nightly, andrustup override set nightlyon the project directory to enable it. -
Copy the contents of this file into
bevy_chess/.cargo/config.
With that, fast compiles should be enabled! If you now execute cargo run, you should see all the dependencies installing. This first time will be slow, as everything needs to be downloaded, but all future compilations should be much faster. When it's done, you should see Hello, world! as output.
Getting started
Now, getting some text as output is pretty cool, but better than that is to have a window open! So let's work on that. Let's remove all the contents of main.rs and replace them with the following:
use bevy::prelude::*;
fn main() {
App::build().add_plugins(DefaultPlugins).run();
}
After cargo run, you should see an empty window like the following open:
Let's explain what we did this step. App::build() creates a new AppBuilder, which has methods like add_plugins, add_system and add_startup_system, which we will be using to register our Systems and Plugins. Plugins are collections of App logic and configuration, mostly used to register systems and initialize Resources. We'll get to what resources are later, and we'll also create some of our own Plugins.
With .add_plugins(DefaultPlugins) we're adding all of the default Bevy plugins, which include things like WindowPlugin, InputPlugin, and TransformPlugin. Those provide most of the features we expect from a game engine. Bevy's modularity allows us to enable only the parts that we want to use. For our game, we'll enable the defaults.
Changing Window settings
The window we opened is great, but we want to be able to change some stuff, like the title or the size. For that we will use the WindowDescriptor resource. Resources are used to store global data, for example a score in a game or elapsed time. In this case WindowDescriptor stores information about the window.
We'll change the main function to the following:
fn main() {
App::build()
// Set antialiasing to use 4 samples
.add_resource(Msaa { samples: 4 })
// Set WindowDescriptor Resource to change title and size
.add_resource(WindowDescriptor {
title: "Chess!".to_string(),
width: 1600.,
height: 1600.,
..Default::default()
})
.add_plugins(DefaultPlugins)
.run();
}
The first resource we're adding, Msaa, is for the future. It's setting up antialiasing for our game. After that we add the WindowDescriptor resource, setting the title, width, and height. Here you can check all the other properties you can change. An important thing to note, is that these two resources have to be set up before adding the default plugins, otherwise they won't work.
You should now see a bigger window with "Chess!" as the title. Everything is still empty though, so let's change that!
Adding a camera and a plane
Now we need something to display on the screen. To achieve that, we'll create our first startup system. Startup systems are like normal systems (which we'll use later), but they only run once at the start of the game. These work great for creating entities, setting resources, or any other thing you might want to do at the start of the game.
fn setup(
commands: &mut Commands,
mut meshes: ResMut<Assets<Mesh>>,
mut materials: ResMut<Assets<StandardMaterial>>,
) {
commands
// Plane
.spawn(PbrBundle {
mesh: meshes.add(Mesh::from(shape::Plane { size: 8.0 })),
material: materials.add(Color::rgb(1., 0.9, 0.9).into()),
transform: Transform::from_translation(Vec3::new(4., 0., 4.)),
..Default::default()
})
// Camera
.spawn(Camera3dBundle {
transform: Transform::from_matrix(Mat4::from_rotation_translation(
Quat::from_xyzw(-0.3, -0.5, -0.3, 0.5).normalize(),
Vec3::new(-7.0, 20.0, 4.0),
)),
..Default::default()
})
// Light
.spawn(LightBundle {
transform: Transform::from_translation(Vec3::new(4.0, 8.0, 4.0)),
..Default::default()
});
}
setup will be a startup system, which takes commands, and the meshes and materials resources. Commands is used to spawn and despawn entities, while meshes and materials are used to register meshes and materials.
We use commands to spawn a Plane, a Camera and a Light, by using PbrBundle, Camera3dBundle, and LightBundle, which are Bundles. Bundles are just an easy to use collection of Components. We can override the bundle properties, like for example the transform, which allows us to move the entities around or to change their rotation, or the mesh and material.
If you now run cargo run, you'll see that nothing has changed! This is because we haven't registered our setup system. Let's do that with add_startup_system:
fn main() {
App::build()
// Set antialiasing to use 4 samples
.add_resource(Msaa { samples: 4 })
// Set WindowDescriptor Resource to change title and size
.add_resource(WindowDescriptor {
title: "Chess!".to_string(),
width: 1600.,
height: 1600.,
..Default::default()
})
.add_plugins(DefaultPlugins)
.add_startup_system(setup.system())
.run();
}
With add_startup_system we're adding setup as a startup system, which will only run once at the beginning of the game. If we use add_system instead, it will run every frame. Using .system() converts the function into a Bevy system using Rust traits.
You can now run the game to see a flat plane from a camera looking slightly down:
Making a game board
We now have a very boring board, let's change that! We'll change the current plane to be a grid of squares of alternating colors.
For that, we'll first split the current setup system into two:
fn main() {
[...]
.add_plugins(DefaultPlugins)
.add_startup_system(setup.system())
.add_startup_system(create_board.system())
.run();
}
fn setup(commands: &mut Commands) {
commands
// Camera
.spawn(Camera3dBundle {
transform: Transform::from_matrix(Mat4::from_rotation_translation(
Quat::from_xyzw(-0.3, -0.5, -0.3, 0.5).normalize(),
Vec3::new(-7.0, 20.0, 4.0),
)),
..Default::default()
})
// Light
.spawn(LightBundle {
transform: Transform::from_translation(Vec3::new(4.0, 8.0, 4.0)),
..Default::default()
});
}
fn create_board(
commands: &mut Commands,
mut meshes: ResMut<Assets<Mesh>>,
mut materials: ResMut<Assets<StandardMaterial>>,
) {
}
Before implementing create_board, let's take a side-trip through Asset Town. The meshes.add(Mesh::from(shape::Plane { size: 8.0 })) line we used before registers a plane mesh to the Assets<Mesh> resource, and returns a Handle<Mesh>, which is what PbrBundle uses. Bevy will then use that handle to get the actual mesh and render it.
This is great, because if we want to create multiple entities with the same Mesh, we can just provide them the same handle and just add the Mesh once. All of this also applies to materials and StandardMaterial.
We will add two materials, a white and a black one, and one Plane mesh, to create a plane per square in the board.
fn create_board(
commands: &mut Commands,
mut meshes: ResMut<Assets<Mesh>>,
mut materials: ResMut<Assets<StandardMaterial>>,
) {
// Add meshes and materials
let mesh = meshes.add(Mesh::from(shape::Plane { size: 1. }));
let white_material = materials.add(Color::rgb(1., 0.9, 0.9).into());
let black_material = materials.add(Color::rgb(0., 0.1, 0.1).into());
// Spawn 64 squares
for i in 0..8 {
for j in 0..8 {
commands.spawn(PbrBundle {
mesh: mesh.clone(),
// Change material according to position to get alternating pattern
material: if (i + j + 1) % 2 == 0 {
white_material.clone()
} else {
black_material.clone()
},
transform: Transform::from_translation(Vec3::new(i as f32, 0., j as f32)),
..Default::default()
});
}
}
}
We use two for loops to spawn the 64 squares, and we use if (i + j + 1) % 2 == 0 to generate the alternating pattern of colors. Here's the result:
Note: We could have used a single Plane with a Texture to make the pattern instead of making different squares, but doing it this way will help us later down the line, when we want to select pieces and squares for movements.
Adding pieces
Every chess game needs some pieces to play with, so let's go ahead and get some models to play with. We'll use GLTF models, which for the most part work great in Bevy. Asset management is still a bit work in progress though, so some things might not work yet.
I got some Chess piece models from Sketchfab. Sketchfab does some weird stuff with the autoconversion to GLTF, so I downloaded the models in OBJ, the original format, and used AnyConv to convert them to GLB, which is the binary format of GLTF. You can do this yourself, or you can go over to the repo where you can download the file.
Now that we have the models, we need a way to load them onto Bevy. For that we'll use the AssetServer resource. It provides a load() function to which we can pass the path of the asset we want to load. In our case, we have the .glb file in assets/models/chess_kit/pieces.glb. We can get each of the models in the file like so:
fn create_pieces(
commands: &mut Commands,
asset_server: Res<AssetServer>,
mut materials: ResMut<Assets<StandardMaterial>>,
) {
// Load all the meshes
let king_handle: Handle<Mesh> =
asset_server.load("models/chess_kit/pieces.glb#Mesh0/Primitive0");
let king_cross_handle: Handle<Mesh> =
asset_server.load("models/chess_kit/pieces.glb#Mesh1/Primitive0");
let pawn_handle: Handle<Mesh> =
asset_server.load("models/chess_kit/pieces.glb#Mesh2/Primitive0");
let knight_1_handle: Handle<Mesh> =
asset_server.load("models/chess_kit/pieces.glb#Mesh3/Primitive0");
let knight_2_handle: Handle<Mesh> =
asset_server.load("models/chess_kit/pieces.glb#Mesh4/Primitive0");
let rook_handle: Handle<Mesh> =
asset_server.load("models/chess_kit/pieces.glb#Mesh5/Primitive0");
let bishop_handle: Handle<Mesh> =
asset_server.load("models/chess_kit/pieces.glb#Mesh6/Primitive0");
let queen_handle: Handle<Mesh> =
asset_server.load("models/chess_kit/pieces.glb#Mesh7/Primitive0");
// Add some materials
let white_material = materials.add(Color::rgb(1., 0.8, 0.8).into());
let black_material = materials.add(Color::rgb(0., 0.2, 0.2).into());
}
Notice that load assumes that the path you're passing is inside the assets folder.
The #Mesh0/Primitive0 part let's us select which of the meshes we want from the GLTF file. The pieces are separated into different meshes, and some of the pieces are separated into two meshes, like the King and the Knight.
We've also added a white and a black material for the pieces, which we will now spawn. As some of the meshes have a bit of a translation, we'll use a parent entity to keep the actual position, and use a child to keep the mesh. This will also help us combine the meshes for the King and the Knight.
The best way to solve this would be to go into a 3D editing software and fix the models so each of them is at the origin and is just a single mesh, but doing it this way gives me an excuse to talk about parenting.
fn create_pieces(
commands: &mut Commands,
asset_server: Res<AssetServer>,
mut materials: ResMut<Assets<StandardMaterial>>,
) {
// Load all the meshes
[...]
// Add some materials
[...]
commands
// Spawn parent entity
.spawn(PbrBundle {
transform: Transform::from_translation(Vec3::new(0.0, 0.0, 4.0)),
..Default::default()
})
// Add children to the parent
.with_children(|parent| {
parent.spawn(PbrBundle {
mesh: king_handle.clone(),
material: white_material.clone(),
transform: {
let mut transform = Transform::from_translation(Vec3::new(-0.2, 0., -1.9));
transform.apply_non_uniform_scale(Vec3::new(0.2, 0.2, 0.2));
transform
},
..Default::default()
});
parent.spawn(PbrBundle {
mesh: king_cross_handle.clone(),
material: white_material.clone(),
transform: {
let mut transform = Transform::from_translation(Vec3::new(-0.2, 0., -1.9));
transform.apply_non_uniform_scale(Vec3::new(0.2, 0.2, 0.2));
transform
},
..Default::default()
});
});
}
Here we used the with_children() function to add two children to a parent entity. The function takes a closure, that in turn takes a parent parameter, which is similar to commands, and let's us spawn children. This two children are moved with respect to their parent, to compensate for the translation that the model has, and with scaling added to make them fit in a square.
Don't forget to add create_pieces as a startup system! If you run the game now you should see a single white King on it's square:
Great, we got pieces on our board! But if you check the previous code, it's more than 20 lines just to spawn a piece. This function is going to get really busy really soon if we don't break it up. Let's create a new pieces.rs file. We'll make separate functions to spawn each of the pieces:
use bevy::prelude::*;
pub fn spawn_king(
commands: &mut Commands,
material: Handle<StandardMaterial>,
mesh: Handle<Mesh>,
mesh_cross: Handle<Mesh>,
position: Vec3,
) {
commands
// Spawn parent entity
.spawn(PbrBundle {
transform: Transform::from_translation(position),
..Default::default()
})
// Add children to the parent
.with_children(|parent| {
parent.spawn(PbrBundle {
mesh,
material: material.clone(),
transform: {
let mut transform = Transform::from_translation(Vec3::new(-0.2, 0., -1.9));
transform.apply_non_uniform_scale(Vec3::new(0.2, 0.2, 0.2));
transform
},
..Default::default()
});
parent.spawn(PbrBundle {
mesh: mesh_cross,
material,
transform: {
let mut transform = Transform::from_translation(Vec3::new(-0.2, 0., -1.9));
transform.apply_non_uniform_scale(Vec3::new(0.2, 0.2, 0.2));
transform
},
..Default::default()
});
});
}
pub fn spawn_knight(
commands: &mut Commands,
material: Handle<StandardMaterial>,
mesh_1: Handle<Mesh>,
mesh_2: Handle<Mesh>,
position: Vec3,
) {
commands
// Spawn parent entity
.spawn(PbrBundle {
transform: Transform::from_translation(position),
..Default::default()
})
// Add children to the parent
.with_children(|parent| {
parent.spawn(PbrBundle {
mesh: mesh_1,
material: material.clone(),
transform: {
let mut transform = Transform::from_translation(Vec3::new(-0.2, 0., 0.9));
transform.apply_non_uniform_scale(Vec3::new(0.2, 0.2, 0.2));
transform
},
..Default::default()
});
parent.spawn(PbrBundle {
mesh: mesh_2,
material,
transform: {
let mut transform = Transform::from_translation(Vec3::new(-0.2, 0., 0.9));
transform.apply_non_uniform_scale(Vec3::new(0.2, 0.2, 0.2));
transform
},
..Default::default()
});
});
}
pub fn spawn_queen(
commands: &mut Commands,
material: Handle<StandardMaterial>,
mesh: Handle<Mesh>,
position: Vec3,
) {
commands
.spawn(PbrBundle {
transform: Transform::from_translation(position),
..Default::default()
})
.with_children(|parent| {
parent.spawn(PbrBundle {
mesh,
material,
transform: {
let mut transform = Transform::from_translation(Vec3::new(-0.2, 0., -0.95));
transform.apply_non_uniform_scale(Vec3::new(0.2, 0.2, 0.2));
transform
},
..Default::default()
});
});
}
pub fn spawn_bishop(
commands: &mut Commands,
material: Handle<StandardMaterial>,
mesh: Handle<Mesh>,
position: Vec3,
) {
commands
.spawn(PbrBundle {
transform: Transform::from_translation(position),
..Default::default()
})
.with_children(|parent| {
parent.spawn(PbrBundle {
mesh,
material,
transform: {
let mut transform = Transform::from_translation(Vec3::new(-0.1, 0., 0.));
transform.apply_non_uniform_scale(Vec3::new(0.2, 0.2, 0.2));
transform
},
..Default::default()
});
});
}
pub fn spawn_rook(
commands: &mut Commands,
material: Handle<StandardMaterial>,
mesh: Handle<Mesh>,
position: Vec3,
) {
commands
.spawn(PbrBundle {
transform: Transform::from_translation(position),
..Default::default()
})
.with_children(|parent| {
parent.spawn(PbrBundle {
mesh,
material,
transform: {
let mut transform = Transform::from_translation(Vec3::new(-0.1, 0., 1.8));
transform.apply_non_uniform_scale(Vec3::new(0.2, 0.2, 0.2));
transform
},
..Default::default()
});
});
}
pub fn spawn_pawn(
commands: &mut Commands,
material: Handle<StandardMaterial>,
mesh: Handle<Mesh>,
position: Vec3,
) {
commands
.spawn(PbrBundle {
transform: Transform::from_translation(position),
..Default::default()
})
.with_children(|parent| {
parent.spawn(PbrBundle {
mesh,
material,
transform: {
let mut transform = Transform::from_translation(Vec3::new(-0.2, 0., 2.6));
transform.apply_non_uniform_scale(Vec3::new(0.2, 0.2, 0.2));
transform
},
..Default::default()
});
});
}
mod pieces;
use pieces::*;
fn create_pieces(
commands: &mut Commands,
asset_server: Res<AssetServer>,
mut materials: ResMut<Assets<StandardMaterial>>,
) {
// Load all the meshes
[...]
// Add some materials
[...]
spawn_rook(
commands,
white_material.clone(),
rook_handle.clone(),
Vec3::new(0., 0., 0.),
);
spawn_knight(
commands,
white_material.clone(),
knight_1_handle.clone(),
knight_2_handle.clone(),
Vec3::new(0., 0., 1.),
);
spawn_bishop(
commands,
white_material.clone(),
bishop_handle.clone(),
Vec3::new(0., 0., 2.),
);
spawn_queen(
commands,
white_material.clone(),
queen_handle.clone(),
Vec3::new(0., 0., 3.),
);
spawn_king(
commands,
white_material.clone(),
king_handle.clone(),
king_cross_handle.clone(),
Vec3::new(0., 0., 4.),
);
spawn_bishop(
commands,
white_material.clone(),
bishop_handle.clone(),
Vec3::new(0., 0., 5.),
);
spawn_knight(
commands,
white_material.clone(),
knight_1_handle.clone(),
knight_2_handle.clone(),
Vec3::new(0., 0., 6.),
);
spawn_rook(
commands,
white_material.clone(),
rook_handle.clone(),
Vec3::new(0., 0., 7.),
);
for i in 0..8 {
spawn_pawn(
commands,
white_material.clone(),
pawn_handle.clone(),
Vec3::new(1., 0., i as f32),
);
}
spawn_rook(
commands,
black_material.clone(),
rook_handle.clone(),
Vec3::new(7., 0., 0.),
);
spawn_knight(
commands,
black_material.clone(),
knight_1_handle.clone(),
knight_2_handle.clone(),
Vec3::new(7., 0., 1.),
);
spawn_bishop(
commands,
black_material.clone(),
bishop_handle.clone(),
Vec3::new(7., 0., 2.),
);
spawn_queen(
commands,
black_material.clone(),
queen_handle.clone(),
Vec3::new(7., 0., 3.),
);
spawn_king(
commands,
black_material.clone(),
king_handle.clone(),
king_cross_handle.clone(),
Vec3::new(7., 0., 4.),
);
spawn_bishop(
commands,
black_material.clone(),
bishop_handle.clone(),
Vec3::new(7., 0., 5.),
);
spawn_knight(
commands,
black_material.clone(),
knight_1_handle.clone(),
knight_2_handle.clone(),
Vec3::new(7., 0., 6.),
);
spawn_rook(
commands,
black_material.clone(),
rook_handle.clone(),
Vec3::new(7., 0., 7.),
);
for i in 0..8 {
spawn_pawn(
commands,
black_material.clone(),
pawn_handle.clone(),
Vec3::new(6., 0., i as f32),
);
}
}
That's a lot, but with that out of the way, we now have all of our pieces on the board:
Selection plugin
Cool, our board and our pieces are all set up, but we still need to implement all of the game logic.
The next step we're going to work in is selecting pieces. For that, we'll use the bevy_mod_picking library. It provides a simple API to select meshes in your game.
To use it first we need to follow the short instructions shown in the README. We'll add bevy_mod_picking = "0.3.1" to our Cargo.toml, then import the library and register the PickingPlugin and the DebugPickingPlugin it provides:
use bevy::prelude::*;
use bevy_mod_picking::*;
mod pieces;
use pieces::*;
fn main() {
App::build()
// Set antialiasing to use 4 samples
.add_resource(Msaa { samples: 4 })
// Set WindowDescriptor Resource to change title and size
.add_resource(WindowDescriptor {
title: "Chess!".to_string(),
width: 1600.,
height: 1600.,
..Default::default()
})
.add_plugins(DefaultPlugins)
.add_plugin(PickingPlugin)
.add_plugin(DebugPickingPlugin)
.add_startup_system(setup.system())
.add_startup_system(create_board.system())
.add_startup_system(create_pieces.system())
.run();
}
Next we need to add a component to the Camera object, to mark it as a pick source. For that, we'll use the with() function, which adds components to the previous Entity:
fn setup(commands: &mut Commands) {
commands
// Camera
.spawn(Camera3dBundle {
transform: Transform::from_matrix(Mat4::from_rotation_translation(
Quat::from_xyzw(-0.3, -0.5, -0.3, 0.5).normalize(),
Vec3::new(-7.0, 20.0, 4.0),
)),
..Default::default()
})
.with(PickSource::default())
// Light
.spawn(LightBundle {
transform: Transform::from_translation(Vec3::new(4.0, 8.0, 4.0)),
..Default::default()
});
}
This way, our Camera entity will be spawned with all of the components in the Camera3dBundle bundle and the PickSource component, and nothing will change for the Light spawned under it.
We now just need to add the PickableMesh component to the entities we want to be able to select. In our case, we'll add it to the board squares:
fn create_board(
commands: &mut Commands,
mut meshes: ResMut<Assets<Mesh>>,
mut materials: ResMut<Assets<StandardMaterial>>,
) {
[...]
commands
.spawn(PbrBundle {
mesh: mesh.clone(),
// Change material according to position to get alternating pattern
material: if (i + j + 1) % 2 == 0 {
white_material.clone()
} else {
black_material.clone()
},
transform: Transform::from_translation(Vec3::new(i as f32, 0., j as f32)),
..Default::default()
})
.with(PickableMesh::default());
[...]
}
If you now run the game, you should see a small green ball that follows your mouse all over the board, cool! Feel free to remove the DebugPickingPlugin when you want, it's just an easy way to check that everything is working correctly.
We should implement something to select squares, but first, notice that our main.rs file has been growing a lot, so it would be great to split it up a bit.
Refactor
We'll do a couple quick adjustments to keep our code a bit cleaner. First we'll move create_pieces into pieces.rs and make it public, and we'll change all of the spawn_[piece] functions to private.
Next we'll create a new board.rs file and we'll move create_board there and make it public. We now just have to import it in main.rs, and we're ready to go.
Adding components to board squares
We're going to create our very own component now, so exciting! Let's go to board.rs and add the following:
pub struct Square {
pub x: u8,
pub y: u8,
}
That's it, that's our component. No boilerplate needed. We can now just add this to the squares like this:
fn create_board(
commands: &mut Commands,
mut meshes: ResMut<Assets<Mesh>>,
mut materials: ResMut<Assets<StandardMaterial>>,
) {
[...]
commands
.spawn(PbrBundle {
mesh: mesh.clone(),
// Change material according to position to get alternating pattern
material: if (i + j + 1) % 2 == 0 {
white_material.clone()
} else {
black_material.clone()
},
transform: Transform::from_translation(Vec3::new(i as f32, 0., j as f32)),
..Default::default()
})
.with(PickableMesh::default())
.with(Square {
x: i,
y: j,
});
[...]
}
Square is a normal Rust struct, so we can do something like the following to add some functions which we can later use on the component:
impl Square {
fn is_white(&self) -> bool {
(self.x + self.y + 1) % 2 == 0
}
}
We'll make a small change to help with selecting squares. In the way we're creating squares now, we are adding only two materials, and cloning the handles into each square. We'll change it to use one material per square, this way we can change a square's color individually. It's an easy change:
fn create_board(
commands: &mut Commands,
mut meshes: ResMut<Assets<Mesh>>,
mut materials: ResMut<Assets<StandardMaterial>>,
) {
// Add meshes
let mesh = meshes.add(Mesh::from(shape::Plane { size: 1. }));
// Spawn 64 squares
for i in 0..8 {
for j in 0..8 {
commands
.spawn(PbrBundle {
mesh: mesh.clone(),
// Change material according to position to get alternating pattern
material: if (i + j + 1) % 2 == 0 {
materials.add(Color::rgb(1., 0.9, 0.9).into())
} else {
materials.add(Color::rgb(0., 0.1, 0.1).into())
},
transform: Transform::from_translation(Vec3::new(i as f32, 0., j as f32)),
..Default::default()
})
.with(PickableMesh::default())
.with(Square {
x: i,
y: j,
});
}
}
}
Note: In theory this should work by just creating 4 materials and replacing the handles in the squares, but there's a bug in Bevy that makes that not work. Update: This has now been fixed! In the last section we'll rework this to use the slightly more efficient version.
Everything should look exactly the same. Let's create a resource to keep track of which square is currently selected:
#[derive(Default)]
struct SelectedSquare {
entity: Option<Entity>,
}
Easy as that! We're deriving Default so that when the plugin is initialized it starts with a None value, but we could provide an initial value in case we wanted to, by implementing FromResources. You can see how to do that with this Bevy example.
We'll now make a system that changes the color of the squares:
fn color_squares(
pick_state: Res<PickState>,
selected_square: Res<SelectedSquare>,
mut materials: ResMut<Assets<StandardMaterial>>,
query: Query<(Entity, &Square, &Handle<StandardMaterial>)>,
) {
// Get entity under the cursor, if there is one
let top_entity = if let Some((entity, _intersection)) = pick_state.top(Group::default()) {
Some(*entity)
} else {
None
};
for (entity, square, material_handle) in query.iter() {
// Get the actual material
let material = materials.get_mut(material_handle).unwrap();
// Change the material color
material.albedo = if Some(entity) == top_entity {
Color::rgb(0.8, 0.3, 0.3)
} else if Some(entity) == selected_square.entity {
Color::rgb(0.9, 0.1, 0.1)
} else if square.is_white() {
Color::rgb(1., 0.9, 0.9)
} else {
Color::rgb(0., 0.1, 0.1)
};
}
}
There's a lot of new stuff here, so let's unpack that. The system first gets the entity under the cursor using bevy_mod_picking's PickState resource, which gives us the entity. It also gives us some intersection info, which we don't care about.
Query is a tad more interesting, it provides us with an iterable of all the entities that have the Components we select, in this case Entity (which all entities have), Square, and Handle<StandardMaterial>. We can now iterate over it with query.iter(), which will provide us access to the components.
Note: In queries, components have to be references (i.e. have &), except Entity, which is used normally.
For each of the squares, we first get the actual material from the Assets<StandardMaterial> resource using get_mut(), and then we set the albedo color according to if it's hovered, selected, white or black, in that order. This way hovered squares get painted the hovered color even if they're selected.
Feel free to play around with the colors and change them to something else!
We still need a way to select squares, but before we do that, we're going to create our a plugin to keep things a bit more clean. In board.rs we're going to add the following, and change all of the systems to private:
pub struct BoardPlugin;
impl Plugin for BoardPlugin {
fn build(&self, app: &mut AppBuilder) {
app.init_resource::<SelectedSquare>()
.add_startup_system(create_board.system())
.add_system(color_squares.system());
}
}
init_resource is what takes care of initializing SelectedSquare. If we don't add this, Bevy will complain when we try to use the resource. Now in main.rs we can add BoardPlugin like DefaultPlugins or PickingPlugin:
fn main() {
App::build()
// Set antialiasing to use 4 samples
.add_resource(Msaa { samples: 4 })
// Set WindowDescriptor Resource to change title and size
.add_resource(WindowDescriptor {
title: "Chess!".to_string(),
width: 1600.,
height: 1600.,
..Default::default()
})
.add_plugins(DefaultPlugins)
.add_plugin(PickingPlugin)
.add_plugin(BoardPlugin)
.add_startup_system(setup.system())
.add_startup_system(create_pieces.system())
.run();
}
This way we don't have to keep track of which board systems exist from main.rs, and everything is self contained in board.rs.
If you run the game now, you should see the square under the cursor being highlighted by the color we selected, but if we click on the square nothing happens. Let's work on that with a new system:
fn select_square(
pick_state: Res<PickState>,
mouse_button_inputs: Res<Input<MouseButton>>,
mut selected_square: ResMut<SelectedSquare>,
) {
// Only run if the left button is pressed
if !mouse_button_inputs.just_pressed(MouseButton::Left) {
return;
}
// Get the square under the cursor and set it as the selected
selected_square.entity = if let Some((entity, _intersection)) = pick_state.top(Group::default())
{
Some(*entity)
} else {
None
};
}
In this system we're introducing a new concept: Input. In this case we're using Input<MouseButton>, which gives us access to the mouse buttons. We can use the just_pressed function to check if the left mouse button has been clicked on that frame, and return early if it hasn't.
The system then changes the selected square to be the one under the cursor, or None if there isn't any. This let's us deselect the square by clicking outside of the board.
Don't forget to add select_square to the board plugin, and you can then run the game and select some squares! Not very exciting, I know, but it's progress.
Adding types of pieces
Currently, our pieces are just an empty parent object with a child that holds the mesh, and we have no way to distinguish between them. Let's create a Piece component to keep what piece it is.
#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
pub enum PieceColor {
White,
Black,
}
#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
pub enum PieceType {
King,
Queen,
Bishop,
Knight,
Rook,
Pawn,
}
#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
pub struct Piece {
pub color: PieceColor,
pub piece_type: PieceType,
// Current position
pub x: u8,
pub y: u8,
}
We first add two enums with all the possibilities, and then declare the Piece component, which will have a PieceColor, PieceType, and the piece position. The reason that we have the position here again, and we don't just use the Transform component, is that we will want the pieces to move from one square to the next, and there will be times when the piece is halfway between two squares, and we want to know the one it's actually supposed to be on.
We're also going to change how we call the spawn_[piece] function calls to be like the following:
spawn_rook(
commands,
white_material.clone(),
PieceColor::White,
rook_handle.clone(),
(0, 0),
);
And the definitions to be like:
fn spawn_rook(
commands: &mut Commands,
material: Handle<StandardMaterial>,
piece_color: PieceColor,
mesh: Handle<Mesh>,
position: (u8, u8),
) {
commands
// Spawn parent entity
.spawn(PbrBundle {
transform: Transform::from_translation(Vec3::new(
position.0 as f32,
0.,
position.1 as f32,
)),
..Default::default()
})
.with(Piece {
color: piece_color,
piece_type: PieceType::Rook,
x: position.0,
y: position.1,
})
.with_children(|parent| {
[...]
});
}
Great, now we spawn the pieces with the correct values set in the Pieces component. We should now be ready to implement movement.
Movement
We're going to create a system that takes care of moving the pieces to the x, y coordinates on the Piece component. This way we just have to change those values, and the piece will start moving to it's new coordinates. This is pretty straight-forward:
fn move_pieces(time: Res<Time>, mut query: Query<(&mut Transform, &Piece)>) {
for (mut transform, piece) in query.iter_mut() {
// Get the direction to move in
let direction = Vec3::new(piece.x as f32, 0., piece.y as f32) - transform.translation;
// Only move if the piece isn't already there (distance is big)
if direction.length() > 0.1 {
transform.translation += direction.normalize() * time.delta_seconds();
}
}
}
We'll also make a PiecesPlugin, very similar to the BoardPlugin:
pub struct PiecesPlugin;
impl Plugin for PiecesPlugin {
fn build(&self, app: &mut AppBuilder) {
app.add_startup_system(create_pieces.system())
.add_system(move_pieces.system());
}
}
Remember to add this plugin in main.rs, and change create_pieces to private!
We now need to implement something to change the unit positions. We'll change the select_square system to also move the pieces for now, and we'll refactor it into something neater later:
// At the top of the file
use crate::pieces::*;
#[derive(Default)]
struct SelectedSquare {
entity: Option<Entity>,
}
#[derive(Default)]
struct SelectedPiece {
entity: Option<Entity>,
}
fn select_square(
pick_state: Res<PickState>,
mouse_button_inputs: Res<Input<MouseButton>>,
mut selected_square: ResMut<SelectedSquare>,
mut selected_piece: ResMut<SelectedPiece>,
squares_query: Query<&Square>,
mut pieces_query: Query<(Entity, &mut Piece)>,
) {
// Only run if the left button is pressed
if !mouse_button_inputs.just_pressed(MouseButton::Left) {
return;
}
// Get the square under the cursor and set it as the selected
if let Some((square_entity, _intersection)) = pick_state.top(Group::default()) {
// Get the actual square. This ensures it exists and is a square
if let Ok(square) = squares_query.get(*square_entity) {
// Mark it as selected
selected_square.entity = Some(*square_entity);
if let Some(selected_piece_entity) = selected_piece.entity {
// Move the selected piece to the selected square
if let Ok((_piece_entity, mut piece)) = pieces_query.get_mut(selected_piece_entity)
{
piece.x = square.x;
piece.y = square.y;
}
selected_square.entity = None;
selected_piece.entity = None;
} else {
// Select the piece in the currently selected square
for (piece_entity, piece) in pieces_query.iter_mut() {
if piece.x == square.x && piece.y == square.y {
// piece_entity is now the entity in the same square
selected_piece.entity = Some(piece_entity);
break;
}
}
}
}
} else {
// Player clicked outside the board, deselect everything
selected_square.entity = None;
selected_piece.entity = None;
}
}
We first added a new SelectedPiece resource, which will work like SelectedSquare, keeping track of the currently selected piece. If there is a selected piece and the player clicks another square, we want the piece to move there and then deselect the piece. If there is no piece selected, and the user clicks a square, we want to select the piece on that square, if there is one. If the player clicked outside of the board, we deselect everything.
This code is a bit confusing, so we'll rework it later. For now, it does what we want! Look at those pieces moving:
Implementing available squares
We now need to limit what squares a piece can move to, because currently every piece can move anywhere. There's two approaches here. One of them is computing which squares are available and allowed for that piece, and checking if the move is one of those squares, and the other approach is to check that the move is a valid square (allowed and available). The first one is a bit more complicated, but it allows us to highlight all of the available squares, while the second is easier to do. (Actually the first one can be done with the second, just checking all 64 squares). We'll go with the second one, but feel free to implement the first one on your own!
Now, we'll add some helper functions first to make our work easier implementing validation. The first function we'll add just returns the color of a square if there is a piece, and returns None if it's empty:
/// Returns None if square is empty, returns a Some with the color if not
fn color_of_square(pos: (u8, u8), pieces: &Vec<Piece>) -> Option<PieceColor> {
for piece in pieces {
if piece.x == pos.0 && piece.y == pos.1 {
return Some(piece.color);
}
}
None
}
This way we can make test for things like not moving into a piece of the same color, or allowing diagonal movement for pawns only when there's a piece of the opposite color. Let's also add a function to check if all the squares between two are empty. This will serve us for the movement of the Rook, Bishop and Queen:
fn is_path_empty(begin: (u8, u8), end: (u8, u8), pieces: &Vec<Piece>) -> bool {
// Same column
if begin.0 == end.0 {
for piece in pieces {
if piece.x == begin.0
&& ((piece.y > begin.1 && piece.y < end.1)
|| (piece.y > end.1 && piece.y < begin.1))
{
return false;
}
}
}
// Same row
if begin.1 == end.1 {
for piece in pieces {
if piece.y == begin.1
&& ((piece.x > begin.0 && piece.x < end.0)
|| (piece.x > end.0 && piece.x < begin.0))
{
return false;
}
}
}
// Diagonals
let x_diff = (begin.0 as i8 - end.0 as i8).abs();
let y_diff = (begin.1 as i8 - end.1 as i8).abs();
if x_diff == y_diff {
for i in 1..x_diff {
let pos = if begin.0 < end.0 && begin.1 < end.1 {
// left bottom - right top
(begin.0 + i as u8, begin.1 + i as u8)
} else if begin.0 < end.0 && begin.1 > end.1 {
// left top - right bottom
(begin.0 + i as u8, begin.1 - i as u8)
} else if begin.0 > end.0 && begin.1 < end.1 {
// right bottom - left top
(begin.0 - i as u8, begin.1 + i as u8)
} else {
// begin.0 > end.0 && begin.1 > end.1
// right top - left bottom
(begin.0 - i as u8, begin.1 - i as u8)
};
if color_of_square(pos, pieces).is_some() {
return false;
}
}
}
true
}
The way we implemented it works both in straight lines and in diagonals, but we could have split it into two separate functions if we wanted to.
The function first checks for a path in the same column, then in the same row, and then in the four diagonals. We can now implement a method to check if a move is valid for a certain Piece. We'll count taking a piece as a valid move, and we'll deal with the actual taking of the piece later. This function is a bit long, but here it is in it's entirety:
impl Piece {
/// Returns the possible_positions that are available
pub fn is_move_valid(&self, new_position: (u8, u8), pieces: Vec<Piece>) -> bool {
// If there's a piece of the same color in the same square, it can't move
if color_of_square(new_position, &pieces) == Some(self.color) {
return false;
}
match self.piece_type {
PieceType::King => {
// Horizontal
((self.x as i8 - new_position.0 as i8).abs() == 1
&& (self.y == new_position.1))
// Vertical
|| ((self.y as i8 - new_position.1 as i8).abs() == 1
&& (self.x == new_position.0))
// Diagonal
|| ((self.x as i8 - new_position.0 as i8).abs() == 1
&& (self.y as i8 - new_position.1 as i8).abs() == 1)
}
PieceType::Queen => {
is_path_empty((self.x, self.y), new_position, &pieces)
&& ((self.x as i8 - new_position.0 as i8).abs()
== (self.y as i8 - new_position.1 as i8).abs()
|| ((self.x == new_position.0 && self.y != new_position.1)
|| (self.y == new_position.1 && self.x != new_position.0)))
}
PieceType::Bishop => {
is_path_empty((self.x, self.y), new_position, &pieces)
&& (self.x as i8 - new_position.0 as i8).abs()
== (self.y as i8 - new_position.1 as i8).abs()
}
PieceType::Knight => {
((self.x as i8 - new_position.0 as i8).abs() == 2
&& (self.y as i8 - new_position.1 as i8).abs() == 1)
|| ((self.x as i8 - new_position.0 as i8).abs() == 1
&& (self.y as i8 - new_position.1 as i8).abs() == 2)
}
PieceType::Rook => {
is_path_empty((self.x, self.y), new_position, &pieces)
&& ((self.x == new_position.0 && self.y != new_position.1)
|| (self.y == new_position.1 && self.x != new_position.0))
}
PieceType::Pawn => {
if self.color == PieceColor::White {
// Normal move
if new_position.0 as i8 - self.x as i8 == 1 && (self.y == new_position.1) {
if color_of_square(new_position, &pieces).is_none() {
return true;
}
}
// Move 2 squares
if self.x == 1
&& new_position.0 as i8 - self.x as i8 == 2
&& (self.y == new_position.1)
&& is_path_empty((self.x, self.y), new_position, &pieces)
{
if color_of_square(new_position, &pieces).is_none() {
return true;
}
}
// Take piece
if new_position.0 as i8 - self.x as i8 == 1
&& (self.y as i8 - new_position.1 as i8).abs() == 1
{
if color_of_square(new_position, &pieces) == Some(PieceColor::Black) {
return true;
}
}
} else {
// Normal move
if new_position.0 as i8 - self.x as i8 == -1 && (self.y == new_position.1) {
if color_of_square(new_position, &pieces).is_none() {
return true;
}
}
// Move 2 squares
if self.x == 6
&& new_position.0 as i8 - self.x as i8 == -2
&& (self.y == new_position.1)
&& is_path_empty((self.x, self.y), new_position, &pieces)
{
if color_of_square(new_position, &pieces).is_none() {
return true;
}
}
// Take piece
if new_position.0 as i8 - self.x as i8 == -1
&& (self.y as i8 - new_position.1 as i8).abs() == 1
{
if color_of_square(new_position, &pieces) == Some(PieceColor::White) {
return true;
}
}
}
false
}
}
}
}
We first check that there is no piece of the same color there, and then we match on the type of piece, because each has a different movement and needs different logic.
Most pieces are relatively simple to check. For example, for the King we check three possibilities: same row and a movement of 1 vertically, same column and movement of 1 horizontally, or a diagonal movement (movement of 1 horizontally and movement of 1 vertically). With the Queen, Bishop, and Rook we also check that the path is empty.
Pawns are a bit more interesting. As they can only move in one direction, we separate the two colors, so that white can only go up and black can only go down. The movement is then split into three different possibilities: move forward one square, move two squares if it's on the initial square, and taking a piece in the diagonals.
We won't implement en passant or castling, although those shouldn't take too much time if you want to figure them out.
Finally, we just need to call the function before moving a piece to check that the move is valid:
fn select_square(
[...]
let pieces_vec = pieces_query.iter_mut().map(|(_, piece)| *piece).collect();
// Move the selected piece to the selected square
if let Ok((_piece_entity, mut piece)) = pieces_query.get_mut(selected_piece_entity)
{
if piece.is_move_valid((square.x, square.y), pieces_vec) {
piece.x = square.x;
piece.y = square.y;
}
}
[...]
}
Cool, now pieces can only do legal moves! But if you notice, when we move to a piece occupied by a piece of a different color, nothing happens and both pieces stand in the same place. Let' s solve that by implementing taking pieces.
Taking pieces
This next chapter will be lighter than the past one, we just have to check the landing square for pieces of the opposite color, and despawn them if there are.
For that we first need to add Commands as a parameter to our select_square system:
fn select_square(
commands: &mut Commands,
pick_state: Res<PickState>,
mouse_button_inputs: Res<Input<MouseButton>>,
mut selected_square: ResMut<SelectedSquare>,
mut selected_piece: ResMut<SelectedPiece>,
squares_query: Query<&Square>,
mut pieces_query: Query<(Entity, &mut Piece)>,
) {
[...]
}
Commands has the despawn function which takes an Entity, and which will, as it's name implies, despawn the entity.
A note about Commands, Resources, and Queries: they have to be in this order, otherwise the system won't work. If you try putting Resources before Commands, or Queries before any of the other two, Bevy will complain.
Here's the new function that also takes care of despawning a piece after it's taken:
fn select_square(
commands: &mut Commands,
pick_state: Res<PickState>,
mouse_button_inputs: Res<Input<MouseButton>>,
mut selected_square: ResMut<SelectedSquare>,
mut selected_piece: ResMut<SelectedPiece>,
squares_query: Query<&Square>,
mut pieces_query: Query<(Entity, &mut Piece, &Children)>,
) {
// Only run if the left button is pressed
if !mouse_button_inputs.just_pressed(MouseButton::Left) {
return;
}
// Get the square under the cursor and set it as the selected
if let Some((square_entity, _intersection)) = pick_state.top(Group::default()) {
// Get the actual square. This ensures it exists and is a square
if let Ok(square) = squares_query.get(*square_entity) {
// Mark it as selected
selected_square.entity = Some(*square_entity);
if let Some(selected_piece_entity) = selected_piece.entity {
let pieces_entity_vec: Vec<(Entity, Piece, Vec<Entity>)> = pieces_query
.iter_mut()
.map(|(entity, piece, children)| {
(
entity,
*piece,
children.iter().map(|entity| *entity).collect(),
)
})
.collect();
let pieces_vec = pieces_query
.iter_mut()
.map(|(_, piece, _)| *piece)
.collect();
// Move the selected piece to the selected square
if let Ok((_piece_entity, mut piece, _)) =
pieces_query.get_mut(selected_piece_entity)
{
if piece.is_move_valid((square.x, square.y), pieces_vec) {
// Check if a piece of the opposite color exists in this square and despawn it
for (other_entity, other_piece, other_children) in pieces_entity_vec {
if other_piece.x == square.x
&& other_piece.y == square.y
&& other_piece.color != piece.color
{
// Despawn piece
commands.despawn(other_entity);
// Despawn all of it's children
for child in other_children {
commands.despawn(child);
}
}
}
// Move piece
piece.x = square.x;
piece.y = square.y;
}
}
selected_piece.entity = None;
} else {
// Select the piece in the currently selected square
for (piece_entity, piece, _) in pieces_query.iter_mut() {
if piece.x == square.x && piece.y == square.y {
// piece_entity is now the entity in the same square
selected_piece.entity = Some(piece_entity);
break;
}
}
}
}
} else {
// Player clicked outside the board, deselect everything
selected_square.entity = None;
selected_piece.entity = None;
}
}
The first difference you'll see is that we added &Children to the Query. The despawn function won't despawn child entities automatically, so in a normal game we'd use despawn_recursive, which does, but this is a nice way to show how to access children entities from a system. When we refactor this function later we'll change it despawn_recursive.
Children is a vector of entities, so we can iterate over it and despawn the child entities.
We also added pieces_entity_vec, so the borrow checker doesn't complain about having borrowed pieces_query twice. Finally, we added a loop to check if there is any piece of the opposite color in that square, and if there is, we despawn it and it's children.
If you run the game now, you can take a piece and it will be despawned, cool!
Turns
The last two things we need to do are turns, and ending the game when the King is taken. We won't implement checking for mates or anything else, but it also shouldn't be hard if you want to add it to is_move_valid.
For turns we'll create a resource that contains who is the next player to move, and we'll check if the selected piece is of that color. After moving, we'll switch the resource to the opposite color.
struct PlayerTurn(PieceColor);
impl Default for PlayerTurn {
fn default() -> Self {
Self(PieceColor::White)
}
}
pub struct BoardPlugin;
impl Plugin for BoardPlugin {
fn build(&self, app: &mut AppBuilder) {
app.init_resource::<SelectedSquare>()
.init_resource::<SelectedPiece>()
.init_resource::<PlayerTurn>()
.add_startup_system(create_board.system())
.add_system(color_squares.system())
.add_system(select_square.system());
}
}
We can now change select_square to check if the selected piece is of the correct color before selecting it:
fn select_square(
commands: &mut Commands,
pick_state: Res<PickState>,
mouse_button_inputs: Res<Input<MouseButton>>,
mut selected_square: ResMut<SelectedSquare>,
mut selected_piece: ResMut<SelectedPiece>,
mut turn: ResMut<PlayerTurn>,
squares_query: Query<&Square>,
mut pieces_query: Query<(Entity, &mut Piece, &Children)>,
) {
// Only run if the left button is pressed
if !mouse_button_inputs.just_pressed(MouseButton::Left) {
return;
}
// Get the square under the cursor and set it as the selected
if let Some((square_entity, _intersection)) = pick_state.top(Group::default()) {
// Get the actual square. This ensures it exists and is a square
if let Ok(square) = squares_query.get(*square_entity) {
// Mark it as selected
selected_square.entity = Some(*square_entity);
if let Some(selected_piece_entity) = selected_piece.entity {
let pieces_entity_vec: Vec<(Entity, Piece, Vec<Entity>)> = pieces_query
.iter_mut()
.map(|(entity, piece, children)| {
(
entity,
*piece,
children.iter().map(|entity| *entity).collect(),
)
})
.collect();
let pieces_vec = pieces_query
.iter_mut()
.map(|(_, piece, _)| *piece)
.collect();
// Move the selected piece to the selected square
if let Ok((_piece_entity, mut piece, _)) =
pieces_query.get_mut(selected_piece_entity)
{
if piece.is_move_valid((square.x, square.y), pieces_vec) {
// Check if a piece of the opposite color exists in this square and despawn it
for (other_entity, other_piece, other_children) in pieces_entity_vec {
if other_piece.x == square.x
&& other_piece.y == square.y
&& other_piece.color != piece.color
{
// Despawn piece
commands.despawn(other_entity);
// Despawn all of it's children
for child in other_children {
commands.despawn(child);
}
}
}
// Move piece
piece.x = square.x;
piece.y = square.y;
turn.0 = match turn.0 {
PieceColor::White => PieceColor::Black,
PieceColor::Black => PieceColor::White,
}
}
}
selected_piece.entity = None;
selected_square.entity = None;
} else {
// Select the piece in the currently selected square
for (piece_entity, piece, _) in pieces_query.iter_mut() {
if piece.x == square.x && piece.y == square.y && piece.color == turn.0 {
// piece_entity is now the entity in the same square
selected_piece.entity = Some(piece_entity);
break;
}
}
}
}
} else {
// Player clicked outside the board, deselect everything
selected_square.entity = None;
selected_piece.entity = None;
}
}
And with that, turns are done! If you play the game and try to move a Black piece at the start it won't work, but after moving a White you'll be able to.
We just need to end the game when the King is taken, and we'll be done with out minimal chess.
Ending the game
We have to choose what to do when the King is taken. For this tutorial, we'll just exit the game and print the result to the console, but you can change it later to do something else, like start a new game, or maybe show some text on screen displaying the winner.
Exiting the game involves sending Events. We just need to send the AppExit event to Events<AppExit>, using the send method it provides.
use bevy::{app::AppExit, prelude::*};
fn select_square(
commands: &mut Commands,
pick_state: Res<PickState>,
mouse_button_inputs: Res<Input<MouseButton>>,
mut selected_square: ResMut<SelectedSquare>,
mut selected_piece: ResMut<SelectedPiece>,
mut turn: ResMut<PlayerTurn>,
mut app_exit_events: ResMut<Events<AppExit>>,
squares_query: Query<&Square>,
mut pieces_query: Query<(Entity, &mut Piece, &Children)>,
) {
// Only run if the left button is pressed
if !mouse_button_inputs.just_pressed(MouseButton::Left) {
return;
}
// Get the square under the cursor and set it as the selected
if let Some((square_entity, _intersection)) = pick_state.top(Group::default()) {
// Get the actual square. This ensures it exists and is a square
if let Ok(square) = squares_query.get(*square_entity) {
// Mark it as selected
selected_square.entity = Some(*square_entity);
if let Some(selected_piece_entity) = selected_piece.entity {
let pieces_entity_vec: Vec<(Entity, Piece, Vec<Entity>)> = pieces_query
.iter_mut()
.map(|(entity, piece, children)| {
(
entity,
*piece,
children.iter().map(|entity| *entity).collect(),
)
})
.collect();
let pieces_vec = pieces_query
.iter_mut()
.map(|(_, piece, _)| *piece)
.collect();
// Move the selected piece to the selected square
if let Ok((_piece_entity, mut piece, _)) =
pieces_query.get_mut(selected_piece_entity)
{
if piece.is_move_valid((square.x, square.y), pieces_vec) {
// Check if a piece of the opposite color exists in this square and despawn it
for (other_entity, other_piece, other_children) in pieces_entity_vec {
if other_piece.x == square.x
&& other_piece.y == square.y
&& other_piece.color != piece.color
{
// If the king is taken, we should exit
if other_piece.piece_type == PieceType::King {
println!(
"{} won! Thanks for playing!",
match turn.0 {
PieceColor::White => "White",
PieceColor::Black => "Black",
}
);
app_exit_events.send(AppExit);
}
// Despawn piece
commands.despawn(other_entity);
// Despawn all of it's children
for child in other_children {
commands.despawn(child);
}
}
}
// Move piece
piece.x = square.x;
piece.y = square.y;
turn.0 = match turn.0 {
PieceColor::White => PieceColor::Black,
PieceColor::Black => PieceColor::White,
}
}
}
selected_piece.entity = None;
selected_square.entity = None;
} else {
// Select the piece in the currently selected square
for (piece_entity, piece, _) in pieces_query.iter_mut() {
if piece.x == square.x && piece.y == square.y && piece.color == turn.0 {
// piece_entity is now the entity in the same square
selected_piece.entity = Some(piece_entity);
break;
}
}
}
}
} else {
// Player clicked outside the board, deselect everything
selected_square.entity = None;
selected_piece.entity = None;
}
}
AppExit isn't included in bevy::prelude, so we need to change the use statement to include that. Then when we take a piece, we check it it's the King, and if it is we print a statement to the console and send the event. That's it, our game finishes when we take the King!
The main game logic is all done now, but we'll make some other changes to top it all off.
Displaying the current turn
One topic we haven't delved into is UI. We'll do something simple, to show the basics of how it works, like showing which player should move next.
We'll create a new file called ui.rs, and we'll add two systems to it: init_next_move_text and next_move_text_update. The first one will be a startup system, which will spawn a CameraUiBundle and the text, and the second one will take care of updating the text when the turn changes. We'll also make a plugin, to keep everything more organized. Here's the whole file:
use crate::{board::*, pieces::*};
use bevy::prelude::*;
// Component to mark the Text entity
struct NextMoveText;
/// Initialize UiCamera and text
fn init_next_move_text(
commands: &mut Commands,
asset_server: ResMut<AssetServer>,
mut color_materials: ResMut<Assets<ColorMaterial>>,
) {
let font = asset_server.load("fonts/FiraSans-Bold.ttf");
let material = color_materials.add(Color::NONE.into());
commands
.spawn(CameraUiBundle::default())
// root node
.spawn(NodeBundle {
style: Style {
position_type: PositionType::Absolute,
position: Rect {
left: Val::Px(10.),
top: Val::Px(10.),
..Default::default()
},
..Default::default()
},
material,
..Default::default()
})
.with_children(|parent| {
parent
.spawn(TextBundle {
text: Text {
value: "Next move: White".to_string(),
font,
style: TextStyle {
font_size: 40.0,
color: Color::rgb(0.8, 0.8, 0.8),
..Default::default()
},
},
..Default::default()
})
.with(NextMoveText);
});
}
/// Update text with the correct turn
fn next_move_text_update(
turn: ChangedRes<PlayerTurn>,
mut query: Query<(&mut Text, &NextMoveText)>,
) {
for (mut text, _tag) in query.iter_mut() {
text.value = format!(
"Next move: {}",
match turn.0 {
PieceColor::White => "White",
PieceColor::Black => "Black",
}
);
}
}
pub struct UIPlugin;
impl Plugin for UIPlugin {
fn build(&self, app: &mut AppBuilder) {
app.add_startup_system(init_next_move_text.system())
.add_system(next_move_text_update.system());
}
}
You also have to change PlayerTurn to be public:
pub struct PlayerTurn(pub PieceColor);
You will have to copy the Font from here into the assets/fonts folder, or replace it with any other font you have lying around. Remember to also add the plugin in main.rs! If you now run the game, you should see a small text at the top that shows the current turn:
The init_next_move_text system doesn't have anything special, it just creates an entity with CameraUiBundle, and a NodeBundle with the text as a child, which has the NextMoveText component as a tag, to be able to tell it apart from other Text entities (there are none in our case, but you might want to add more down the line).
next_move_text_update is a bit more interesting. We don't need it to run every frame, because the turn will change only sparsely. We can use ChangedRes for that purpose! Bevy will only run this system when PlayerTurn has changed, this way we don't waste time updating the text when the turn has not changed.
There are similar query transformers we could use for querying components, but we haven't needed them. There's Added<T>, which will only run for entities that have had T added, Mutated<T>, which will run for entities that have had their T component change, and Changed<T>, which is a combination of Mutated and Added.
The following is an example of a system that prints to the console changes to the Text component:
fn log_text_changes(query: Query<&Text, Mutated<Text>>) {
for text in query.iter() {
println!("New text: {}", text.value);
}
}
If you add this system to the UIPlugin, you'll see the text printed to the console every time it changes. If the query was query: Query<&Text> instead, it would run every frame, and you'd see your console filled with output.
Refactor
We have most of the game logic on our select_square system, which would be fine if we leave this as a prototype (or if you enjoy code archaeology with three month old functions where you don't remember anything and you also didn't leave comments because it's "self explanatory". I'm not speaking from experience 😌), but it doesn't really work if we want to be Responsible Programmers™. Let's clean it up!
This change is going to be big, so get ready!
First, we'll add a method to PlayerTurn, to keep things a bit neater:
impl PlayerTurn {
fn change(&mut self) {
self.0 = match self.0 {
PieceColor::White => PieceColor::Black,
PieceColor::Black => PieceColor::White,
}
}
}
Next, we'll replace our select_square function for the following, which is much more representative of it's name, as it only deals with selecting a square. It keeps the general part of selecting the square it previously had, but we removed all the extra moving, taking and despawning code:
fn select_square(
pick_state: Res<PickState>,
mouse_button_inputs: Res<Input<MouseButton>>,
mut selected_square: ResMut<SelectedSquare>,
mut selected_piece: ResMut<SelectedPiece>,
squares_query: Query<&Square>,
) {
// Only run if the left button is pressed
if !mouse_button_inputs.just_pressed(MouseButton::Left) {
return;
}
// Get the square under the cursor and set it as the selected
if let Some((square_entity, _intersection)) = pick_state.top(Group::default()) {
// Get the actual square. This ensures it exists and is a square. Not really needed
if let Ok(_square) = squares_query.get(*square_entity) {
// Mark it as selected
selected_square.entity = Some(*square_entity);
}
} else {
// Player clicked outside the board, deselect everything
selected_square.entity = None;
selected_piece.entity = None;
}
}
Next, we'll add a select_piece system, that takes care of selecting the piece that is in the selected square. You'll notice that we use ChangedRes<SelectedSquare>, so that it only runs when we select a new square. It also exits early if there is no square to be found, and only changes the selected piece if there is none selected currently:
fn select_piece(
selected_square: ChangedRes<SelectedSquare>,
mut selected_piece: ResMut<SelectedPiece>,
turn: Res<PlayerTurn>,
squares_query: Query<&Square>,
pieces_query: Query<(Entity, &Piece)>,
) {
let square_entity = if let Some(entity) = selected_square.entity {
entity
} else {
return;
};
let square = if let Ok(square) = squares_query.get(square_entity) {
square
} else {
return;
};
if selected_piece.entity.is_none() {
// Select the piece in the currently selected square
for (piece_entity, piece) in pieces_query.iter() {
if piece.x == square.x && piece.y == square.y && piece.color == turn.0 {
// piece_entity is now the entity in the same square
selected_piece.entity = Some(piece_entity);
break;
}
}
}
}
Most of the complexity for moving is still there to deal with the borrow checker, but it's now isolated in a single system: move_piece. It also only runs when the selected square changes, with ChangedRes<SelectedSquare>. Here we encounter a problem: we want to run this system only when the selected square has changed, but we also want to change it after we're done. Events to the rescue! We'll create an event that will take care of resetting SelectedSquare, so we can call it from move_piece:
fn move_piece(
commands: &mut Commands,
selected_square: ChangedRes<SelectedSquare>,
selected_piece: Res<SelectedPiece>,
mut turn: ResMut<PlayerTurn>,
squares_query: Query<&Square>,
mut pieces_query: Query<(Entity, &mut Piece)>,
mut reset_selected_event: ResMut<Events<ResetSelectedEvent>>,
) {
let square_entity = if let Some(entity) = selected_square.entity {
entity
} else {
return;
};
let square = if let Ok(square) = squares_query.get(square_entity) {
square
} else {
return;
};
if let Some(selected_piece_entity) = selected_piece.entity {
let pieces_vec = pieces_query.iter_mut().map(|(_, piece)| *piece).collect();
let pieces_entity_vec = pieces_query
.iter_mut()
.map(|(entity, piece)| (entity, *piece))
.collect::<Vec<(Entity, Piece)>>();
// Move the selected piece to the selected square
let mut piece =
if let Ok((_piece_entity, piece)) = pieces_query.get_mut(selected_piece_entity) {
piece
} else {
return;
};
if piece.is_move_valid((square.x, square.y), pieces_vec) {
// Check if a piece of the opposite color exists in this square and despawn it
for (other_entity, other_piece) in pieces_entity_vec {
if other_piece.x == square.x
&& other_piece.y == square.y
&& other_piece.color != piece.color
{
// Mark the piece as taken
commands.insert_one(other_entity, Taken);
}
}
// Move piece
piece.x = square.x;
piece.y = square.y;
// Change turn
turn.change();
}
reset_selected_event.send(ResetSelectedEvent);
}
}
struct ResetSelectedEvent;
fn reset_selected(
mut event_reader: Local<EventReader<ResetSelectedEvent>>,
events: Res<Events<ResetSelectedEvent>>,
mut selected_square: ResMut<SelectedSquare>,
mut selected_piece: ResMut<SelectedPiece>,
) {
for _event in event_reader.iter(&events) {
selected_square.entity = None;
selected_piece.entity = None;
}
}
We've created an empty struct called ResetSelectedEvent, which we can send using the send function in the ResMut<Events<ResetSelectedEvent>> resource. Then, the reset_selected system will consume this events and set SelectedSquare and SelectedPiece to None.
Instead of despawning the piece and it's children directly from the move_system, we'll add a Taken component to the piece using the insert_one function from Commands, which just adds a component to an entity.
We will then have another system that takes care of despawning pieces with the Taken component, and checking if we should quit the game:
struct Taken;
fn despawn_taken_pieces(
commands: &mut Commands,
mut app_exit_events: ResMut<Events<AppExit>>,
query: Query<(Entity, &Piece, &Taken)>,
) {
for (entity, piece, _taken) in query.iter() {
// If the king is taken, we should exit
if piece.piece_type == PieceType::King {
println!(
"{} won! Thanks for playing!",
match piece.color {
PieceColor::White => "Black",
PieceColor::Black => "White",
}
);
app_exit_events.send(AppExit);
}
// Despawn piece and children
commands.despawn_recursive(entity);
}
}
We could have used Added<Taken> in this query, but as we directly remove the entities, there won't be any entity with the Taken component that hasn't just had it added.
Finally, we need to add all of these systems and events to the board plugin:
pub struct BoardPlugin;
impl Plugin for BoardPlugin {
fn build(&self, app: &mut AppBuilder) {
app.init_resource::<SelectedSquare>()
.init_resource::<SelectedPiece>()
.init_resource::<PlayerTurn>()
.add_event::<ResetSelectedEvent>()
.add_startup_system(create_board.system())
.add_system(color_squares.system())
.add_system(select_square.system())
.add_system(move_piece.system())
.add_system(select_piece.system())
.add_system(despawn_taken_pieces.system())
.add_system(reset_selected.system());
}
}
And we're done! The code isn't the best thing ever written, but we can now see each system doing it's own different thing. You can now play our finished chess!
Extra steps
The following section deals with updating things that have been fixed or changed in Bevy after the release of this tutorial. You don't really need to implement these, but I think it will provide a higher code quality. These aren't implemented already in the tutorial because it doesn't result in it not working.
One thing we'll change is how we change the square colors. Currently, due to a bug in Bevy, we had a different material for each square, and we changed the albedos in each of them to reflect the state. This isn't a huge problem when we have 64 materials, but it's cleaner to not have so much repeated data. We'll change this to instead have a Resource that keeps 4 material handles to each of the colors we want to use, and we'll swap the handles instead of the albedos.
First things we'll do is create the resource, which we'll call SquareMaterials, and we'll implement the FromResources trait:
struct SquareMaterials {
highlight_color: Handle<StandardMaterial>,
selected_color: Handle<StandardMaterial>,
black_color: Handle<StandardMaterial>,
white_color: Handle<StandardMaterial>,
}
impl FromResources for SquareMaterials {
fn from_resources(resources: &Resources) -> Self {
let mut materials = resources.get_mut::<Assets<StandardMaterial>>().unwrap();
SquareMaterials {
highlight_color: materials.add(Color::rgb(0.8, 0.3, 0.3).into()),
selected_color: materials.add(Color::rgb(0.9, 0.1, 0.1).into()),
black_color: materials.add(Color::rgb(0., 0.1, 0.1).into()),
white_color: materials.add(Color::rgb(1., 0.9, 0.9).into()),
}
}
}
The FromResources trait allows us to initialize the resource properly, with each of the materials being added to Bevy's Assets<StandardMaterial> resource. We also have to tell Bevy to initialize the Resource, so we'll have to add .init_resource::<SquareMaterials>() to BoardPlugin.
After that, we need to change the create_board and color_squares systems to use the resource:
fn create_board(
commands: &mut Commands,
mut meshes: ResMut<Assets<Mesh>>,
materials: Res<SquareMaterials>,
) {
// Add meshes
let mesh = meshes.add(Mesh::from(shape::Plane { size: 1. }));
// Spawn 64 squares
for i in 0..8 {
for j in 0..8 {
commands
.spawn(PbrBundle {
mesh: mesh.clone(),
// Change material according to position to get alternating pattern
material: if (i + j + 1) % 2 == 0 {
materials.white_color.clone()
} else {
materials.black_color.clone()
},
transform: Transform::from_translation(Vec3::new(i as f32, 0., j as f32)),
..Default::default()
})
.with(PickableMesh::default())
.with(Square { x: i, y: j });
}
}
}
fn color_squares(
pick_state: Res<PickState>,
selected_square: Res<SelectedSquare>,
materials: Res<SquareMaterials>,
mut query: Query<(Entity, &Square, &mut Handle<StandardMaterial>)>,
) {
// Get entity under the cursor, if there is one
let top_entity = if let Some((entity, _intersection)) = pick_state.top(Group::default()) {
Some(*entity)
} else {
None
};
for (entity, square, mut material) in query.iter_mut() {
// Change the material
*material = if Some(entity) == top_entity {
materials.highlight_color.clone()
} else if Some(entity) == selected_square.entity {
materials.selected_color.clone()
} else if square.is_white() {
materials.white_color.clone()
} else {
materials.black_color.clone()
};
}
}
And that's it! Pretty simple change, we just replaced the albedo changing with a change to the actual handles.
Conclusion
This concludes our Chess game! We went over most of the concepts in Bevy, so you should have a good grasp and be able to work on your own games now. If you finished the tutorial, don't hesitate to post a video on Twitter and tag me so I can see it!
Next steps
If you don't have any particular idea for a game, here's some stuff you could try as homework to improve the game and to practice a bit:
- Implement a system that keeps track of the taken pieces and displays them, maybe in UI or as objects next to the board.
- Finish implementing all the rules: castling, en passant, check mates, etc.
- Make up new rules! Make your own chess variation and start trying different things.
- Try moving the camera around! There's an example that could give you inspiration in the bevy_cookbook.
- Make the movement animations finish before allowing the next move to be made and before the pieces are despawned. You can keep a resource that has a
piece_in_movementboolean, and don't run the picking system while that is true. - Advanced: Make a resource that keeps track of all the moves in a vector, so they can be reverted and saved.
Other
This tutorial's text is licensed under the MIT license.